Biodiesel is a clean fuel produced from recyclable materials such as plant and animal fats used as catalyst. This present study is intended to use animal waste as feedstocks (raw material) to produce biodiesel. The biodiesel production reaction is an esterification reaction in which variables such as reaction time, used solvent. Also, catalysts play a significant role in the intrinsic properties of fuel and the efficiency of the product. In this research study, Calcinated eggshell was selected as a catalyst and ethanol as solvent. Biodiesel has been extracted using the substances mentioned above in one phase. The given optimal conditions include 5 h period, the amount of catalyst (4.5 g), and the quantity of solvent (13.91 mL). The produced sample was derived under conditions with the maximum quantity and physical properties, including cloud point and pour point, viscosity, and density in respective of producing biodiesel fuels from other materials. The results revealed reduction of properties at cloud point and pour point.

Biodiesel is a clean fuel produced from recyclable materials such as plant and animal fats used as catalyst. This present study is intended to use animal waste as feedstocks (raw material) to produce biodiesel. The biodiesel production reaction is an esterification reaction in which variables such as reaction time, used solvent. Also, catalysts play a significant role in the intrinsic properties of fuel and the efficiency of the product. In this research study, Calcinated eggshell was selected as a catalyst and ethanol as solvent. Biodiesel has been extracted using the substances mentioned above in one phase. The given optimal conditions include 5 h period, the amount of catalyst (4.5 g), and the quantity of solvent (13.91 mL). The produced sample was derived under conditions with the maximum quantity and physical properties, including cloud point and pour point, viscosity, and density in respective of producing biodiesel fuels from other materials. The results revealed reduction of properties at cloud point and pour point.

Thick films of Calcinated and non Calcinated nanobioglass(NBG)-titania nanocomposite coatings were prepared on stainless steel substrates using an alkoxide sol-gel process. The prepared films were characterized by TEM, SEM, EDS, XRD and other methods. The composite films obtained from Calcinated NBG particles were compared to the films obtained from non Calcinated NBG particles. Here, we present a comparative study on the mechanical and adhesion properties of two types of film (TiO2- Calcinated NBG and TiO2-non Calcinated NBG). The prepared thick films were smooth and free of macro cracking, fracture or aking. The grain size of these films was uniform and its nano scale confirmed using a TEM microscope. Adhesion tests were carried out according to the ASTM-D-3359-97 standard. The results showed that both Calcinated and non Calcinated NBG-titania films have very good adhesion properties. The hardness of the prepared films (TiO2-Calcinated NBG and TiO2-non Calcinated NBG) was compared by using a micro hardness test method. The results verified that the presence of Calcinated NBG particles in a NBG-titania composite gradually enhanced the mechanical data of the prepared films.

In this report, the synthesis, characterization, and application of the eggshell-supported-Cu (II) salophen complex, as a novel and heterogeneous catalyst, is described. The catalyst is characterized by the UV, XRD, FT-IR, and SEM techniques. The eggshell-supported-Cu (II) salophen complex is a versatile, green, inexpensive, and simple catalyst used for the multicomponent reactions (MCRs) of terminal alkynes, aldehydes, and secondary amines to give the corresponding propargylamines at 80oC under the solvent-free conditions. The proposed methodology offers several advantages such as excellent product yield, simple procedure, and mild conditions. On the other hand, the synthesized catalyst could be removed from the reaction mixture by simple filtration and reused for up to six runs.

The global appeal of biofuels is increasing due to rising energy demands and the depletion of fossil fuel resources. Biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to petroleum diesel, offering a cleaner energy solution. This study addresses key challenges associated with biodiesel, such as reduced calorific value, high nitrous oxide emissions, and production costs, as well as the environmental impact of petroleum diesel, including global warming.This research focuses on the development of a novel biobased catalyst derived from palm kernel shell and eggshell. The carbon-based biomass, primarily waste palm kernel shell, was pyrolyzed to produce the catalyst. Characterization of the catalyst was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The catalyst was synthesized via the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) technique, resulting in a bifunctional catalyst suitable for the transesterification process.The catalyst demonstrated high efficiency in the transesterification process for biodiesel production. Optimal conditions yielded an 88.14% biodiesel conversion at an oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:14, catalyst loading of 5 wt.%, reaction temperature of 70°C, and reaction time of 99.244 minutes. The synthesized biodiesel met the ASTM D6751 standards as specified by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

An efficient and eco-friendly method has been developed for the synthesis of 1, 4-disubstituted 1, 2, 3-triazoles using the eggshell-supported-Cu(I) metformin complexas a natural and heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst prepared is characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, and ICP techniques. Terminal alkynes were successfully reacted with alkyl chloride and sodium azide in the presence of CuI immobilized on eggshell in water at room temperature. This method offers many advantages such as short reaction times, low cost, use of a reusable catalyst, and simple purification procedures. Moreover, the catalyst could be recovered and recycled four times.